Study On Credit Risk And Credit Risk Management - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1739 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Abstract The purpose of this research is to make clear the importance of credit risk management and how the firm can get the benefit by using different methodologies by different actions of credit risk management. Introduction Many institutions such as banking and enterprises are well-known to its clever usage of financial sources. The correct management of the financial sources and attributes makes it spirited for the organization to tolerate the different economic uncertainties and threats. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Study On Credit Risk And Credit Risk Management" essay for you Create order In addition, the strategy on managing the risks can be the most attractive strategy of the company that cannot be deteriorated but can be passed through the next generations of other managers. Background and problem statement The evaluation of risks can be the fundamental strategy in all of the organizations. Through the assessment of the risks, the organization can create a subjective decision and well plan. This all can help the accomplishment draw out from the process. In the classification of various system that are concerned in the assessing and managing the risk, the credit risk management is an rising activity that lies within the organization. Many researches attempted to answer the remuneration of the credit management within the organization. However, it remained indistinct for the management on how to manage and the principle of the credit risk management. Literature Review The credit risk management is accepted among the banks and other financial resources. The main purpose of the credit risk management is to minimize or diminish the possessions of the non-performing loans came from the consumers. The procedures and processes of the banks and their affiliates create a great collision in the flow of the financial resources. However, various economic reservations, international markets, or financial constraints can cause the financial status to be unbalanced. Aside from the financial deficiencies, the other causes of the financial constraints are the lack of buoyancy among the financial market to provide external help for the needed consumers, lack of potential to gather the information of the consumers, and the lack of push to have an forceful debt collecting. The non-performing loans can definitely cause too much stagnation of the financial sources. To provide the credit risk management efficiently, the banks and other financial institutions should a sses the reliability of the loaners. In terms of an enterprise, the estimation of their credit portfolio is enough to provide a system that continuously promotes the reviewing the risks and the ability of the business enterprise to pay. It is very common that the banking process restrict the occurrence of the risks during every transaction; for this reason, the bank managers should also rely on the effectiveness of the imposed regulations to predict the future risks.   From the different financial indicators, the position of the institution on the market disappointment are still depends on the internal process and the actions of the people. The economic theory in banking encompasses the interest and income theory in which is the basis of the cash flow approach in bank lending (Akperan, 2005). Credit risk management needs to be a vigorous process that enables the banks to proactively manage the loan portfolios to minimize the losses and earn an acceptable level of return to its shareholders. The importance of the credit risk management is recognized by banks for it can establish the standards of process, segregation of duties and responsibilities such in policies and procedures sanctioned by the banks (Focus Group, 2007). Credit risks appear in banking institution because of the uncertainties plagued the financial system. The uncertainties remain a major challenge in country. Still, the major approaches applied by the banks are the continuing efforts on research and close monitoring. Banks believe that the research and monitoring are the key sources of uncertainties like data generating institutions and the treasury (Uchendu, 2009). The market structure is important in banking for it influences the competitiveness of the banking system and companies to access to funding or credit investment. The economic growth affects the structure and development of the banking system. In addition, the vast knowledge in risk assessment and managerial approach is recognized as part of the development. Moreover, because the banks and the processes are highly regulated, it became very useful in assessing the effects or impact of the credit risk management in the banks and even in other financial sources (Gonzalez, 2009). Research Objectives The first objective of the study is to convey the purpose as well as the center of the credit risk management. Second is to determine the different actions of the management or the managers regarding the credit risk management. Through this two interconnected objectives, the study can ascertain its common ground in discussing the essential parts of the credit risk management. The credit risk management is admired among the banks and other financial resources. The main purpose of the credit risk management is to reduce or diminish the possessions of the non-performing loans came from the consumers. Credit risk is an investors risk of loss arising from a borrower who does not make payments as promised. Such an event is known as a default. The other term for credit risk is default risk. Investor losses include lost principal and interest, decreased cash flow, and increased collection costs, which arise in a number of circumstances. Consumer does not make a payment due on a mortgage loan, credit card, line of credit, or other loan .Business does not make a payment due on a mortgage, credit card, line of credit, or other loan .A business or consumer does not pay a trade invoice when due .A business does not pay an employees earned salaries and wages when due A business or government bond issuer doesnt make a payment on coupon or principal payment when due .An insolvent insurance company does not pay a policy obligations .An insolvent bank wont return funds to a depositor .A government grants bankruptcy fortification an insolvent consumer or business .There are three types of credit risk. Default risk Credit spread risk Many companies use credit to pay for short-term supplies or to finance long-term growth. While most companies view loans and credit lines as a important part of business, those who understand how to alleviate credit risk are far more likely to succeed. This is because those lending money are viewing at credit risk when issuing any type of loan or credit line. To lessen credit risk a company wants to be sure it is not seeking more credit than it can credibly repay in a timely fashion. An emerging company may not want to grow in phases that allow it to recoup some of the debt spent. Companies can increase their credit rating, thus mitigate their credit risk, by starting to set up credit long before they need it. This can be adept with vendor credits, small business credit cards and loans. Your average balances in your bank accounts also help set up a lower credit risk. After all, if you have had an account for a long time with money in it to wrap debts and obligations, you are seen as credit-worthy. Mitigating credit risk Lenders mitigate credit risk by using several methods: Risk-based pricing: The Lenders generally charge a higher interest rate to borrowers, who are more likely to default, a term called risk-based pricing. A lender considers factors related to the loan such as loan purpose, credit rating, and loan-to-value ratio and estimates the effect on yield (credit spread). Covenants: Lenders may write provisions on the borrower, called covenants, into loan agreements: Periodically report its financial state. Cease from paying dividends, repurchasing shares, borrowing further, or other specific, voluntary actions that negatively affect the companys financial position Repay the loan in full, when the lender request, in certain events such as changes in the borrowers debt-to-equity ratio or interest coverage ratio Credit insurance and credit derivatives: The Lenders and bond holders may evade their credit risk by purchasing credit insurance or credit derivatives. These contrac ts move the risk from the lender to the seller (insurer) in exchange for payment. The common credit derivative is the credit default swap. Tightening: Lenders can overcome credit risk by reducing the amount of credit extended, either in total or to certain borrowers. For example, a distributor selling its products to a disturb retailer may attempt to lessen credit risk by reducing payment terms from net 30 to net 15. Diversification: Lenders to a small number of borrowers (or kinds of borrower) face a high degree of random credit risk, called concentration risk. Lenders lessen this risk by diversifying the borrower pool. Deposit insurance: Many governments set up deposit insurance to guarantee bank deposits of insolvent banks. Such protection discourages the consumers from withdrawing money when a bank is becoming insolvent, to shun a bank run, and motivate consumers to holding their savings in the banking system instead of in cash. Credit risk is risk due to uncertainty in a counterpartys (also called an obligors or credits) capability to meet its obligations. Because there are many types of counterpartiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ from individuals to partners and sovereign governmentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ and many different types of conditionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ from auto loans to derivatives transactionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ credit risk takes many forms. organizations manage it in different ways. In evaluating credit risk from a single counterparty, an institution must consider three Default probability: What is the probability that the counterparty will default on its obligation either over the life of the compulsion or over some specified horizon, such as a year? Calculated for a one-year prospect, this may be called the expected default frequency. Credit exposure: In the experience of a default, how large will the outstanding obligation be when the default occurs? Recovery rate: In the event of a default, what portion of the exposure may be recovered th rough bankruptcy actions or some other form of settlement? When we speak of the credit quality of a requirement, this refers generally to the counterpartys capability to perform on that obligation. This encompasses both the obligations default probability and estimated recovery rate. To place credit exposure and credit quality in perception, recall that every risk include two elements: exposure and uncertainty. For credit risk, credit exposure represents the former, and credit quality represents the latter. Conclusion: From the above mentioned description it has cleared that credit risk management is the important aspect of any organization. If the management keeps in mind the methodologies and techniques mention in this study paper it can overcome this risk and can increase the value of the business.

Essay about encoding decoding - 1125 Words

CM382 Critical theories of communication (encoding/decoding) Critical theory is interested in power, dominance Ideology â€Å"Received wisdom† about the world (beliefs, values etc.) typically benefits people at top more than people at bottom Ideology legitimizes, justifies and naturalizes social system To analyse ideology we must uncover how the status quo provides large advantages to those who already have more power and privilege John Thompson (1990) defines ideology as â€Å"meaning in the service of power† â€Å"Hegemony† = dominance by consent (but it is never complete) â€Å"The challenge facing us as students of the mass media is to examine the workings of, and sometimes the tensions between, dominant and†¦show more content†¦The moment of the text: -symbolic construction and arrangement -form and content of what is published or broadcast 3. 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Development of Technology Free Essays

Over the past decades, the world has witnessed different changes that have affected countries and continents. The way economics activities and business are conducted in the world poses challenges and opportunities. Technology is one of those changes or development that has occurred over decades. We will write a custom essay sample on Development of Technology or any similar topic only for you Order Now In a way, technology has changed every aspect of human life. In generally, it has change the ways businesses is conducted. Now, people do not need to see face-to-face in other to conduct business. Businesses can be conducted at home, long distances, in plane and through online real-time. In the education and business environment, technology development has been major catalysts that influencing the way activities are conducted. However, book business is our major focus. In this paper, we are going to analyse the effects of technology development on book business in the next 10years. Through the past technology age or years, we could analysis effects of technology on businesses and nations. Technology has replaced the use of human in industries by machines or robots. Before the advent of technology into businesses human has been the main source of labor for entrepreneurs but in the world today, it is apparent that machines have taken over. Availability of new and old information has been made possible through these changes or development in technology. Through this information, there exist different options of communicating and performing tasks and jobs. Moreover, people now prefer to get information through the internet rather than getting it from its source (most times the hard copy). People prefer to read book, novel and articles online rather than getting the hard copy to read. In a way, these have affected publishers, writers in the way they conduct their businesses. This has affected the rewards writers, editors and publisher makes from their jobs, since there works are published online at a reduced cost and most time they do not enjoy these rewards. In few years time, innovations of several types are to be expected. Precisely, in the next 10years new technologies would be introduced into the book business. These new technology will add to the existing ways of conducting or doing the business and will bring fundamental changes into the way book business will be conducted. However, in 10 years time technology will continue to influence the book business in terms of advertisement, sales and production. The effects of technological development will either be positive and negative. For instance, it will reduce the number of people that will be employed by industries that produce books. This in its own way will increase the unemployment rate and leads to decrease in standard of living of people. This is an example of the negative consequences that will be caused by development in technology. On the other hand, it will increase profitability of those in the business. Since, the workability of book business will require few amount of finance. Therefore, cost of production will reduce since there is an innovative way of organizing the business, consequently leading to increase profit. In conclusion, in years to come various innovations will evolve in business and determine the way business will be conducted. Technological developments have continued to influence the way we live, conduct business and carrying out jobs. However, in the book business technological development will poses different opportunities and challenges in future. In other to be able to cope with this challenges and opportunities, investors, writers and publishers should put measure in place that will be capable of withstanding the pressure. References: Yli-Renko H., Janakiraman R., (2008). How Customer Portfolio Affects New Product Development in Technology-Based Entrepreneurial Firms. Journal of Marketing, Volume 72, Number 5. American Marketing Association. http://www.marketingpower.com/AboutAMA/Pages/AMA%20Publications/AMA%20Journals/Journal%20of%20Marketing/TOCs/summary_sept_08/howcustomer_jm_0908.aspx Horte S. A., Lindberg P., (2007). Performance effects of human and organizational development and technological development. International Journal of Human Factors in Manufacturing. Volume 4 Issue 3. IBM, (2008). IBM Reveals Five Innovations That Will Change Our Lives in the Next Five Years. Technology: Hi Tech. Physorg.com. http://www.physorg.com/news146852022.html    How to cite Development of Technology, Papers

The Red Badge of Courage Naturalistic Essay Example For Students

The Red Badge of Courage: Naturalistic Essay Word Count: 1533The Red Badge of Courage by Stephen Crane, one of the most significant and renownedbooks in American literature, defies outright classification, showing traits of both the realist and naturalist movements. It is a classic, however, precisely because it does so without sacrificingunity or poignancy. The Red Badge of Courage belongs unequivocably to the naturalist genre,but realism is also present and used to great effect. The conflict between these styles mirrorsthe bloody clash of the war described in the book and the eternal struggle between good andevil in human nature. There are many characteristics in Cranes novel that would more readily fit within thecategory of realism: the ordinariness of his characters, the use of dialect, the portrayal ofprotagonist Henry Fleming as a complex individual, the description of nature as disinterested inhuman affairs, and the positive ending of the story. Realism, often described as slice of life orphotographic writing, attempts to portray life exactly as it is, without twisting it or reworking it tofit it into preconceived notions of what is appropriate or what is aesthetically pleasing. In thisbook, Crane relies on neither the oversimplified rationalism of classicist literature nor theemotional idealism of romantic prose. Instead, he offers realistic, believable characters withaverage abilities. The soldiers are presented neither as epic heroes nor as bloodthirsty killers;rather, their most noticeable trait is their overwhelming normalcy. The soldiers of Henrysregiment curse, fight, and argue just like normal pe ople. This down-to-earth, gritty, everydaystyle is characteristic of realism. A particular convention used by Crane in convincing the readerof his characters existence is dialect. The distinctive speech of the soldiers enhances thephotographic effect of the novel, lending it authenticity. Another distinctive trait of realism is complexity of character a trait readily evident in HenryFleming. As he switches between cowardice and heroism, compassion and contempt, andoptimism and pessimism, the reader observes that he is more than just a stereotype. He is aperson with fears, hopes, dreams, and foibles. Lastly, nature is often portrayed as indifferent ordisinterested in the affairs of humankind. Whereas naturalism involves emphasis on the hostilityof nature, realism lacks this trait. For example, after fighting a battle, the youth feels a flash ofastonishment at the blue, pure sky and the sun gleaming on the trees and fields. It issurprising that Nature has gone tranquilly on with her golden process in the midst of so muchdevilment (64). Later, when Henry takes refuge in the woods, the sanctuary of the naturalworld seals out all sounds of the human conflict taking place: It seems now that Nature hasno ears (79). During a different battle, the day grows more white, until t he sun shines withhis full radiance upon the thronged forest a symbol of purity amid the bloody affairs of man(156). Similarly, the smoke of deadly battle is contrasted with the unadulterated innocence ofnature: A cloud of dark smoke, as from smoldering ruins, goes up toward the sun now brightand gay in the blue enameled sky (165). Crane detaches the war from the rest of the world,stating that the world is fully interested in other matters. Apparently, the regiment has itssmall affair to itself (172). Lastly, the positive outlook with which the book concludes points to realism. Whereasnaturalism would pit the soldiers against impossible odds, a certain victory shows them thatthe proportions are not impossible (191). Immersed in the sweetness of victory, the pastholds no pictures of error and disappointment (200). At the books end, Henry reconcileshimself with his feelings of guilt and shame. He abandons war, and scars fade as flowers(223). He retires to an existence of soft and eternal peace (223). A golden ray of sun at thebooks close symbolizes the ray of hope Crane has for mankind. However, the solitary beam isnearly lost amid a mass of dark thunderheads. Correspondingly, although traits of realism arevery evident, ominous naturalism is always present and usually dominant. .ude4138d20d93e9821dbe2feaf6961c19 , .ude4138d20d93e9821dbe2feaf6961c19 .postImageUrl , .ude4138d20d93e9821dbe2feaf6961c19 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ude4138d20d93e9821dbe2feaf6961c19 , .ude4138d20d93e9821dbe2feaf6961c19:hover , .ude4138d20d93e9821dbe2feaf6961c19:visited , .ude4138d20d93e9821dbe2feaf6961c19:active { border:0!important; } .ude4138d20d93e9821dbe2feaf6961c19 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ude4138d20d93e9821dbe2feaf6961c19 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ude4138d20d93e9821dbe2feaf6961c19:active , .ude4138d20d93e9821dbe2feaf6961c19:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ude4138d20d93e9821dbe2feaf6961c19 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ude4138d20d93e9821dbe2feaf6961c19 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ude4138d20d93e9821dbe2feaf6961c19 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ude4138d20d93e9821dbe2feaf6961c19 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ude4138d20d93e9821dbe2feaf6961c19:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ude4138d20d93e9821dbe2feaf6961c19 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ude4138d20d93e9821dbe2feaf6961c19 .ude4138d20d93e9821dbe2feaf6961c19-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ude4138d20d93e9821dbe2feaf6961c19:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Medivial Christianity EssayNaturalism, the practice of using scientific theory to develop and explain characters andevents, is largely negative and pessimistic, often emphasizing mans impotence in affecting hisown destiny. Also, the ideas of evolution and natural selection figure prominently into naturalism. The predominant reasons why The Red Badge of Courage represents naturalism rather thanrealism are the portrayal of nature as hostile (even more so than it is portrayed as indifferent), theapplication of science to war, and the emphasis on the impotence and lack of self-control ofCranes characters. These themes are stressed so heavily that the scales tip toward naturalism. Crane frequently portrays nature as hostile to man. As Henry runs from the woods, thebranches, pushing against him, threaten to throw him (81). Trees, confronting him, stretchout their arms and forbid him to pass (84). At many times in the book, characters areimpeded and attacked by brambles and cussed briers (155). Natures foliage seems to veilpowers and horrors (174). As the regiment moves through the woods, the forest makes aterrible objection (175). In these and many other instances, nature is personified as evil. Itthreatens, reaches out, and grabs at soldiers, taking an active, hostile role, as if it were a humanenemy even offering up a horrid, rotting corpse as a symbol of its evil (88). This is a centralidea of naturalism. Another tenet of naturalistic writing is the application of scientific theory to plot and character. Crane makes extensive use of scientific parlance and references prominent theories of sciencethroughout the novel. For example, when wondering whether or not he will run from battle,Henry is called an unknown quantity and obliged to experiment and accumulateinformation, as if he were a variable in a scientific laboratory procedure (17). He tries tomathematically prove to himself that he will not run from a battle and makes ceaselesscalculations to determine whether or not he possesses sufficient courage (22). During a battle,Crane makes an allusion to Darwins theory of survival of the fittest: while running, Henryfeels vaguely that death must make a first choice of the men who are nearest; the initialmorsels for the dragons would be then those who are following him. So he displays the zealof an insane sprinter in his purpose to keep them in the rear. There is a race. After hesuccessfully escapes, Henry justifies his flight by comparing his situation to that of a squirrel. When threatened, the squirrel turns and runs, controlled solely by natural instinct. Nature, heclaims, provides reinforcement to his argument with scientific proofs (79). The most convincing argument that The Red Badge of Courage is a naturalistic novel is therepeated emphasis that Henry and his military companions are powerless and guided by forcesbeyond their control. A primary axiom of naturalism is mans lack of free will; all is supposedlydetermined for them by heredity or environment. Crane places great emphasis on humaninability to act for oneself. He makes references to mobs, crowds, and stampedes, pointing outhow individual members are powerless to resist the will of the masses. As Henry runs with hiscomrades he strenuously tries to think, but all he knows is that if he falls down those comingfrom behind will tread upon himHe feels carried along by a mob (38). Desiring to leavethe crowd, Henry sees that it would be impossible for him to escape from the regiment. Itencloses him. And there are the iron laws of tradition and law on four sides. He is in amoving box (38). This portrayal of man as trapped and incapable of resistance is central tonat uralism. Henry had not enlisted of his free will, Crane adds. He had been dragged in bythe merciless government (38). Crane compares the regiment to puppets under a magicianshand and little pieces that the officers fit together (76). This lack of control is infuriating toHenry, who complains, We just get fired around from pillar to post and get licked here and getlicked there, and nobody knows what its done for. It makes a man feel like a damn kitten in abag (155). Later on, when fired upon, the soldiers accept the pelting of the bullets to resistwould be to strive against wallsto batter themselves against granite (184). Crane reiteratesmany times that Henry and his companions have no power over their situation. All is determinedfor them; resistance is futile. .u86a9f3c886b73f62fa3d2f9ba3208329 , .u86a9f3c886b73f62fa3d2f9ba3208329 .postImageUrl , .u86a9f3c886b73f62fa3d2f9ba3208329 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u86a9f3c886b73f62fa3d2f9ba3208329 , .u86a9f3c886b73f62fa3d2f9ba3208329:hover , .u86a9f3c886b73f62fa3d2f9ba3208329:visited , .u86a9f3c886b73f62fa3d2f9ba3208329:active { border:0!important; } .u86a9f3c886b73f62fa3d2f9ba3208329 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u86a9f3c886b73f62fa3d2f9ba3208329 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u86a9f3c886b73f62fa3d2f9ba3208329:active , .u86a9f3c886b73f62fa3d2f9ba3208329:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u86a9f3c886b73f62fa3d2f9ba3208329 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u86a9f3c886b73f62fa3d2f9ba3208329 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u86a9f3c886b73f62fa3d2f9ba3208329 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u86a9f3c886b73f62fa3d2f9ba3208329 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u86a9f3c886b73f62fa3d2f9ba3208329:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u86a9f3c886b73f62fa3d2f9ba3208329 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u86a9f3c886b73f62fa3d2f9ba3208329 .u86a9f3c886b73f62fa3d2f9ba3208329-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u86a9f3c886b73f62fa3d2f9ba3208329:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Youth offenders EssayIn summary, The Red Badge of Courage is a naturalistic work with realistic tendencies. Theconvincing, believable characters, the authentic-sounding dialect, the complexity of Henrysthoughts, the occasional impartiality of nature, and the optimistic ending are representative ofrealism. However, nature is far more often shown as evil or hostile. Scientific theory is applied toHenry and to the events that befall him. And neither Henry nor anyone else has any control overhis fate. All these are traits of naturalism. The naturalistic elements are predominant throughoutmost of the book, and although the ending is curiously positive for a naturalistic work, i tshowcases Cranes unique perspective as an author. The struggle between negative andpositive, optimism and pessimism, and realism and naturalism parallels the battle between blueand gray described in the plot as well as humanitys dual faces of good and evil. Rejecting purenaturalism as overly simplistic, Crane implies that although humans are subject to the savageforces of nature, there is still hope to eventually arrive at a better life. Adding a touch of realismto temper the morbidity of his naturalism, Stephen Crane will be remembered far into the futureas the author of one of the most influential novels in American literature.